IF CLAUSE

Ada 3 tipe :

Type 1 : If simple present, present future
Note : pengandaian ini bisa terjadi apabila kondisinya memungkinkan

If the door is open, I can go out	Jika pintu itu terbuka, saya bisa keluar
If I have a chair, I can sit down	Jika saya punya kursi, saya bisa duduk
If you have a lot of money, you can buy a car	Jika kamu punya banyak uang, kamu bisa membeli mobil
If the weather is good, we can play batminton	Jika cuaca bagus, kita bisa bermain badminton
I always cry if I feel an onion	Saya selalu mengeluarkan air mata jika mengupas bawang

I always cry if I feel an onion	Saya selalu mengeluarkan air mata jika mengupas bawang
You can do anything if you try	Kamu bisa melakukan apa saja jika berusaha
He can reach the ceiling if he stands on the chair	Dia bisa menggapai langit-langit itu jika berdiri di kursi

Type 2 :
Pattern : If + Past Tense, Past Future
( S + V 2 ), ( S + Would + V1 )

Pattern : If + S + Were + Adjective / Noun , S + Would + V1
Note, conditional tipe 2. pengandaian tidak terlaksana di waktu sekarang.

If Adit were a Valentino Rossi, he would to become world GP Champion.

Jika Adit adalah Valentino Rossi, ia akan menjadi juara dunia GP Champion.

Fact : Adit is not a Valentino Rossi, he doesn’t to become world GP Champion.
Fakta: Adit bukan Valentino Rossi, dia tidak menjadi juara dunia GP Champion.

If Iwan were Lionel Messi, I would to become the best soccer player in the world.

Jika Iwan adalah Lionel Messi, saya akan menjadi pemain sepak bola terbaik di dunia.

Fact : Iwan is not Lionel Messi, he doesn’t to become the best soccer player in the world.

Fakta: Iwan bukan Lionel Messi, dia tidak menjadi pemain sepakbola terbaik di dunia.

If Hadi has enough time, he usually walks to campus.
Jika Hadi memiliki cukup waktu, biasanya ia berjalan ke kampus.

Fact : Hadi is not enough time, so he is not walks to campus.

Fakta: Hadi tidak punya cukup waktu, sehingga ia tidak jalan ke kampus.

 

Type 3 : 

Pattern : If + Past Perfect Tense, Conditional Perfect Tense
If + Clause ( anak kalimat ) , Main clause ( induk kalimat )
If + ( S + Had + V3 / Past participle, S + Would/Should + Have + V 3 + yesterday, last night , last year, etc.
Note : Pengandaian tipe 3 menyatakan pengandaian tidak terlaksana di waktu lampau.

If I had had money, I woul d have bought a plane.

Jika aku punya uang, saya telah membeli pesawat. 
Fact : I Didn’t have money, so I didn’t buy a plane.  

Fakta: Saya Tidak punya uang, jadi saya tidak membeli pesawat.
 
If Galih had been an actor, he wasn’t a superstar.
Jika Galih seorang aktor, dia bukan superstar. 

Fact : Galih Wasn’t an actor, he wasn’t a superstar.
Fakta: Galih Bukankah seorang aktor, ia bukan superstar.

 

If the teacher had not come, he would not have studied.
Jika guru tidak datang, ia tidak akan belajar. 

Fact : The teacher came, we studied.
Fakta: Guru datang, kita belajar.

 

 

SUMBER : 

- http://www.belajarbahasainggrisyuk.com/contoh-conditional-clause-kalimat-pengandaian/

- http://yogi-unitedblog.blogspot.com/2012/03/tugas-bahasa-inggris.html

- http://garlina.blogspot.com/2010/03/structureconditional-sentence-dengan-if.html 

 

Pasif Active

Kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat.

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan.
Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Example :

1. Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
    Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

2. Active : He had met them before I came.
    Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

3. Active  : We fertilize the soil every 6 months 
    Passive : The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months  

Sumber :

    http://aldianferla.blogspot.com/2013/05/pengertian-rumus-contoh-passive.html

    http://anniskartika.blogspot.com/2011/03/pengertian-active-dan-passive-voice.html

SOAL TOEFL

1. Many communities are dependent on
groundwater __________ from wells for
their water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it
Answer : B (obtained)
The only correct way to complete this sentence is with a participle (obtained really means which is obtained).

2. Not only ____________________ places of
beauty, but they also serve scientific and
educational purposes as well.
(A) are botanical gardens
(B) botanical gardens to be
(C) botanical gardens are
(D) to be botanical gardens
Answer : A (are botanical gardens)
A main verb, such as are, is required to complete the clause (to be is not a main verb), and the subject and verb must be inverted because the clause begins with the negative phrase not only.

3. _________________ the best car to buy is a Mercedes Benz.
(A) Because of its durability and economy
(B) Because it lasts a long time, and it is very economical
(C) Because of its durability and it is economical
(D) Because durably and economy wise it is better than all the others.
Answer : (A) because of its durability and economy
Grammar : Adverbial clause of Reason

4. Those students do not like to read novels _______________ text books.
(A) In any case
(B) Forgetting about
(C) Leaving out the questions
(D) Much less
Answer : (D) much less
Grammar : clause of contrast

5. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, __, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
(A) Sailing directions are studied
(B) Study the sailing directions
(C) To direct sailing studies
(D) Studies direct sailing
Answer : (B) Study the sailing studies
Grammar : Gerund

6. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever _________ to a United States male dancer.
(A) To be awarded
(B) To awards
(C) That awards
(D) Should be awarding
Answer : (A) to be awarded
Grammar : infinitive

7. In 1791, Quebec was divided into two
sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada,
_____________ were ruled by elected
assemblies.
(A) they both
(B) both of them
(C) in which both
(D) both of which
Answer : D (both of which)
This choice correctly follows the pattern quantifier + of + relative pronoun.

8. __________ experimental studies of the
aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland
determined that people could work
productively much longer than had
previously been thought.
(A) In that
(B) Through
(C) Since
(D) Into
Answer : B (Through)
This sentence can be correctly completed only with an introductory prepositional phrase (Through experimental studies).

9. Man: Are you going to go to the University of Texas to get your Doctorate?
      Woman: I don’t think so.
      Man: Why, have you been accepted to any other schools?
      Woman: Yes, I have received news of acceptance from LSU, University of
      Tennessee, and Harvard.
      Narrator: What are the speakers discussing?
a. The University of Texas
b. Schools with Doctorate programs
c. Where the woman will go to school
d. Who can get accepted to the most schools
Answer : C (Where the woman will go to school)

10. Woman: Pardon me. Do you know what time that this store opens?
       Man: I do not, but I believe that it is written on the door.
       Narrator: What does the man imply that the woman should do?
a. Look on the door
b. Open the door
c. Ask someone else
d. Come back later
Answer : A (Look on the door)

11. Amelia Earhart was _______________ to pilot her plane across the Atlantic
Ocean.
a. the first and a woman
b. the first woman
c. who the first woman
d. the woman who first
Answer : B (the first woman)

12.      ____________ a tree can be grown from a seedling.
a. That is generally believed
b. Believed generally is
c. Generally believed it is
d. It is generally believed that
Answer : D (It is generally believed that)

13. Man: We are going to get ice cream. Would you like to come with us?
        Woman: I am waiting for a package to be delivered.
        Narrator: What does the woman imply?
a. She does not eat ice cream
b. She has no money
c. She does not like packages
d. She will not be going
Answer : D (She will not be going)

14. A dream about falling _________.
a. scary is
b. is scary
c. are scary
d. very scary is
Answer : B (is scary)

15. Woman: Pardon me. Do you know what time that this store opens?
       Man: I do not, but I believe that it is written on the door.
       Narrator: What does the man imply that the woman should do?
a. Look on the door
b. Open the door
c. Ask someone else
d. Come back later
Answer : A (Look on the door)

SOURCE :

 •    http://ardikahenrisal.blogspot.com/2012/04/contoh-soal-toefl-dan-pembahasannya.html
 •    http://galenapajar.blogspot.com/2012/04/soal-toefl-struktur.html

TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.

Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.

RUMUS :

(+)S+V1(es/s)+O

(- )S+Do/does+Not+V1+O

(?) Do/does+S+V1+O

  

EXAMPLE :  

a.   We are happy everytime

b. She writes a letter every month

c. She doesn't works in the office every Monday to Saturday

d. They don't go to Jakarta every years

e. Adit to play football everyday 

 

2. PRESENT CONTINOUS

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses.

RUMUS :

(+) S+V.ing+Om

(- ) S+do/does+not+V1+O

(?) Do/does +S+V1+O

 EXAMPLE ;

a. She is cooking in the kitchen.

b. He isn't reading the book

c. Adit is playing bowling now

d. I am going to market now

e. Owi and Butet are running now 

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.

RUMUS :

(+) subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 2

(-) subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

(?) Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).

 EXAMPLE : 

a. They were student last year

b. Galuh did not invite last week

c. Were we at school yesterday ?

d. She didn't write a letter

e. It rain since at three o'clock

4.  PAST CONTINOUS

Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau ketika suatu kejadian, kegiatan, atau peristiwa lain terjadi.

RUMUS :

(+) subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing 

(-): S + was/were + NOT + Ving 

(?): Was/Were + S + Ving

  EXAMPLE :

a. I was watching TV when my father came from work

b. We were joking

c. She wasn't washing the car

d. They were talking about sport when I met him

e. Was He watching television all afternoon last week

5. PRESENT PERFECT 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu), untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini, dan digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi.

RUMUS :

(+) Subject+have/has+been/Verb-3+object, adjective, adverb

(-)  Subject+have/has+not+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb

(?)  Have/has+Subject+V-3+object, adjective, adverb

EXAMPLE : 

a. She hasn’t written the book

b. I have painted this house

c. She has eaten some food in dining room

d. I have had breakfast already

e. I have not just read my book
6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS 

Menjelaskan suatu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung.

RUMUS :

(+) S+have/has+been+Ving+O

(-) S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O

(?) Have/has+S+been+Ving+O

EXAMPLE : 

a. She has been working in the workshop

b. They have not been playing football

c. They have been sleeping since ten until now.

d. Has she been going to Malang ?

e. She has been painting every day for a long time

7. PAST PERFECT 

Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau.

RUMUS : 

(+) Subject+had+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb

(-) Subject+had+not+been/V-3+object, adjective, adverb

(?) Had+subject+V-3+object, adjective, adverb

EXAMPLE : 

a.  I had listen the radio when you come here

b.  I had not been playing a football when they came.

c. When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle

d.  She had been cooking a vegetable when he came

e. I had not been waiting for you since at seven o’clock

  

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS 

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga.

RUMUS :

(+) Subject+had+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb

(-) Subject+had+not+been+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb

(?) Had+subject+V-ing+object, adjective, adverb

  EXAMPLE : 

a. Had my father been repairing a television before I knocked at the door ?

b. She had been helping me when they went to school

c. They hadn’t been living there for two month

d. I had not been looking for the Peter Gade for two week before we meet

e. When they washed my dress , had your father been playing vollyball ?

SOURCE : 

• http://iryansah8.blogspot.com/2011/06/16-tenses-bahasa-inggris-dan-contohnya.html
• http://enterkey22.blogspot.com/2012/08/rumus-16-tenses-beserta-contoh.html
•  http://javasun3.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/rumus-16-tenses-bahasa-inggris/
• http://susicigadisss.blogspot.com/2013/03/kalimat-16-tenses.html
• http://wongzo.blogspot.com/2012/10/16-tenses-bahasa-inggris-beserta-rumus.html